Metabolic syndrome: a group of risk factors present in an individual related to obesity. Factors are central obesity, high triglycerides and low HDL cholesterol, high blood pressure, insulin resistance or glucose intolerance and several other conditions, called proinflammatory and prothrombotic states.
Metabolic syndrome is not a disease, but a clustering or "constellation" of health markers. Although there are several definitions of what is required to be diagnosed with metabolic syndrome, in the U.S. most health care professionals use criteria from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) and the American Heart Association.
That definition says you must have at least three of the following five markers to be diagnosed with metabolic syndrome:
A waist measurement of more than 34 inches around (more than 40 inches in men). A fasting blood glucose level of 110 mg/dL or higher; or you're already taking medication because you have high blood glucose levels. A triglyceride level at or above 150 mg/dL. Triglycerides are a form of fat in your blood. An HDL cholesterol level (the "good" cholesterol) below 50 mg/dL (at or below 40 mg/dL in men); or you're already taking medication to increase your HDL level. A blood pressure at or above 130 mm Hg systolic (the top number) or 85 mm Hg diastolic (the bottom number); or you're already taking medication to treat high blood pressure. More than a third (34.5 percent) of all Americans have metabolic syndrome, although most may not know it. Metabolic syndrome is a concern because it is linked to several health conditions, particularly heart disease and diabetes. Although rates of metabolic syndrome are the same in men and women, women with a condition called polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) are up to 11 times more likely to have metabolic syndrome than those without PCOS.
Additionally, rates of metabolic syndrome increase with age, occurring in about 45 percent of those aged 60 to 69. Researchers still don't know if menopause has any effect on metabolic syndrome.
The reason so many Americans have metabolic syndrome is related to three things: weight, lack of exercise and genetics.
However, while you're more likely to have metabolic syndrome if you're overweight, not everyone who is overweight has it. And you can have it even if you are not overweight. Estimates are that about one out of three overweight people has metabolic syndrome, with the risk thought to be directly related to the amount of abdominal fat. Abdominal, or visceral, fat is defined by your waist circumference. Later, we'll talk more about why this increases your risk for certain diseases.
You also have a higher risk of metabolic syndrome if you're Hispanic or South Asian (from the Indian subcontinent), don't get much or any exercise and follow a high-fat diet, particularly one high in fried foods, carbohydrates and so-called "empty calories" like soda. Conversely, following a diet high in whole grains and unsaturated fats, as well as mild-to-moderate alcohol consumption, can reduce your risk.
Metabolic syndrome can also be a side effect of certain drugs, including corticosteroids, antidepressants, antipsychotics, protease inhibitors and antihistamines.
Even as the incidence of metabolic syndrome is increasing in adults, it is also rising in adolescents. Today, about 910,000 adolescents in the U.S., or 4.2 percent of 12- to 19- year-olds would be diagnosed with the condition. This includes 5.6 percent of African-Americans and 13 percent of Mexican-Americans. The more overweight teens are, the more likely they are to have metabolic syndrome. For instance, 31 percent of those considered overweight for their age have metabolic syndrome.
Although you're much more likely to have metabolic syndrome if you're overweight or obese, you can have it even if you have a normal weight. The most important risk factor is the amount of fat around your abdomen, called visceral fat. This visceral fat tends to accumulate more in women after menopause.
Visceral fat produces hormones and other chemicals that change the way certain systems in your body work. For instance, they increase the amount of inflammation in blood vessels, which can lead to a buildup of plaque on vessel walls. Eventually, pieces of plaque can break off and clog blood vessels, or blood clots can form and clog vessels, causing a heart attack.
One study found that women under 45 who had heart attacks were much more likely to have markers of metabolic syndrome than similar women who had not had heart attacks. Other studies find that your risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) doubles if you have metabolic syndrome, and that you're up to 3.4 times more likely to die from CVD if you have metabolic syndrome than if you don't. Additionally, you are significantly more likely to develop atherosclerosis, a buildup of plaque in your coronary arteries that contributes to heart disease, stroke and peripheral vascular disease (PVD).
Components of metabolic syndrome also lead to insulin resistance. Insulin is a hormone required to get cells to open up and let glucose in. Insulin resistance occurs when cells don't have enough insulin receptors (the "lock" into which the "key" of insulin fits), or the insulin receptors don't work properly. Maybe they're not formed right, or maybe they're just stubborn and won't let glucose into the cells. That's why they're called "resistant" to insulin. The result? Glucose builds up in your bloodstream. Eventually, this can turn into type 2 diabetes.
While metabolic syndrome is not a direct cause of diabetes, it is a strong predictor of the disease. In fact, if you have metabolic syndrome, you're considered to be in a "pre-diabetes" state. The more risk factors you have for metabolic syndrome, the more likely you are to develop diabetes. Overall, half of those with all five risk factors will develop or already have diabetes. Even more important, the two together push your risk of heart disease up by 50 percent compared to having diabetes without metabolic syndrome.
Researchers are also finding links between metabolic syndrome and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), cancer and obstructive sleep apnea.
Metabolic syndrome is not a disease, but a clustering or "constellation" of health markers. Although there are several definitions of what is required to be diagnosed with metabolic syndrome, in the U.S. most health care professionals use criteria from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) and the American Heart Association.
That definition says you must have at least three of the following five markers to be diagnosed with metabolic syndrome:
A waist measurement of more than 34 inches around (more than 40 inches in men). A fasting blood glucose level of 110 mg/dL or higher; or you're already taking medication because you have high blood glucose levels. A triglyceride level at or above 150 mg/dL. Triglycerides are a form of fat in your blood. An HDL cholesterol level (the "good" cholesterol) below 50 mg/dL (at or below 40 mg/dL in men); or you're already taking medication to increase your HDL level. A blood pressure at or above 130 mm Hg systolic (the top number) or 85 mm Hg diastolic (the bottom number); or you're already taking medication to treat high blood pressure. More than a third (34.5 percent) of all Americans have metabolic syndrome, although most may not know it. Metabolic syndrome is a concern because it is linked to several health conditions, particularly heart disease and diabetes. Although rates of metabolic syndrome are the same in men and women, women with a condition called polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) are up to 11 times more likely to have metabolic syndrome than those without PCOS.
Additionally, rates of metabolic syndrome increase with age, occurring in about 45 percent of those aged 60 to 69. Researchers still don't know if menopause has any effect on metabolic syndrome.
The reason so many Americans have metabolic syndrome is related to three things: weight, lack of exercise and genetics.
However, while you're more likely to have metabolic syndrome if you're overweight, not everyone who is overweight has it. And you can have it even if you are not overweight. Estimates are that about one out of three overweight people has metabolic syndrome, with the risk thought to be directly related to the amount of abdominal fat. Abdominal, or visceral, fat is defined by your waist circumference. Later, we'll talk more about why this increases your risk for certain diseases.
You also have a higher risk of metabolic syndrome if you're Hispanic or South Asian (from the Indian subcontinent), don't get much or any exercise and follow a high-fat diet, particularly one high in fried foods, carbohydrates and so-called "empty calories" like soda. Conversely, following a diet high in whole grains and unsaturated fats, as well as mild-to-moderate alcohol consumption, can reduce your risk.
Metabolic syndrome can also be a side effect of certain drugs, including corticosteroids, antidepressants, antipsychotics, protease inhibitors and antihistamines.
Even as the incidence of metabolic syndrome is increasing in adults, it is also rising in adolescents. Today, about 910,000 adolescents in the U.S., or 4.2 percent of 12- to 19- year-olds would be diagnosed with the condition. This includes 5.6 percent of African-Americans and 13 percent of Mexican-Americans. The more overweight teens are, the more likely they are to have metabolic syndrome. For instance, 31 percent of those considered overweight for their age have metabolic syndrome.
Although you're much more likely to have metabolic syndrome if you're overweight or obese, you can have it even if you have a normal weight. The most important risk factor is the amount of fat around your abdomen, called visceral fat. This visceral fat tends to accumulate more in women after menopause.
Visceral fat produces hormones and other chemicals that change the way certain systems in your body work. For instance, they increase the amount of inflammation in blood vessels, which can lead to a buildup of plaque on vessel walls. Eventually, pieces of plaque can break off and clog blood vessels, or blood clots can form and clog vessels, causing a heart attack.
One study found that women under 45 who had heart attacks were much more likely to have markers of metabolic syndrome than similar women who had not had heart attacks. Other studies find that your risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) doubles if you have metabolic syndrome, and that you're up to 3.4 times more likely to die from CVD if you have metabolic syndrome than if you don't. Additionally, you are significantly more likely to develop atherosclerosis, a buildup of plaque in your coronary arteries that contributes to heart disease, stroke and peripheral vascular disease (PVD).
Components of metabolic syndrome also lead to insulin resistance. Insulin is a hormone required to get cells to open up and let glucose in. Insulin resistance occurs when cells don't have enough insulin receptors (the "lock" into which the "key" of insulin fits), or the insulin receptors don't work properly. Maybe they're not formed right, or maybe they're just stubborn and won't let glucose into the cells. That's why they're called "resistant" to insulin. The result? Glucose builds up in your bloodstream. Eventually, this can turn into type 2 diabetes.
While metabolic syndrome is not a direct cause of diabetes, it is a strong predictor of the disease. In fact, if you have metabolic syndrome, you're considered to be in a "pre-diabetes" state. The more risk factors you have for metabolic syndrome, the more likely you are to develop diabetes. Overall, half of those with all five risk factors will develop or already have diabetes. Even more important, the two together push your risk of heart disease up by 50 percent compared to having diabetes without metabolic syndrome.
Researchers are also finding links between metabolic syndrome and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), cancer and obstructive sleep apnea.
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